Borknagar - Winter Thrice

http://www.secret-face.com/

#PER CHI AMA: Epic Black/Viking

Surprised I didn't get around to this sooner, I suppose it was a pause in retrospect thinking that it's already been covered. For whatever reason, here we have an almost flawless release that covers three genres all into one. But I think it's important to say that despite this, the music itself speaks for itself. What a varying degree of metal that ignites the speakers with bleeding metal though with varying degrees of intensity. They fluctuate rapidly mixing in those genres all up unto one. It's really noble that they've been able to do this! The vocals compliment the music perfectly. They go from shouting to clean it's rather (on clean) like Falconer.

It's strange that 'Winter Thrice' is actually the first LP I've heard from this band despite their extended discography. And I'm keen on hearing more newer material from them. Quite a unique album and quite a unique band. The ability to mesh three genres and on here it is quite evident because of the time signature changes. Some fast tempos that are accompanied by yelling lyrics indicates their black metal portion. The slower tempos and clean vocals indicate more of folk/Viking segments. The clean vocals remind me of Matthias from Falconer, though he has his own style being a native of Sweden.

I enjoyed the music quite immensely there were no songs that I thought weren't worthy of looking forward to. They all in their own way in metal struck me like I've never head before in sounds. Really unique. I didn't go by any song halfway through they all were played through and sufficiently played out. I thought that the musicianship was phenomenal. As I say, I'm looking forward to the new material. But this one was way worth it's weight in gold. These guys know how to juggle genres and the tempo changes really illustrates that in sounds. What a great album and knowing that they're still active is great.

The sound quality on here is awesome. You can hear everything equally and when one song ends, it's a matter of looking forward to the next then also the next after that, so forth. This album is available to hear on YouTube or Spotify. It's worth getting the physical CD, but if not, it's still good to take a listen in any streaming services see if you like it. I thought it was a little odd at first because of the time signature changes but as I heard more and more, the greater I liked it! I'd pick any of these songs as a sample about what to expect on the LP, but any of them are worth checking out and admiring. Take a listen! (Death8699)

(Century Media Records - 2016)
Score: 82

https://www.facebook.com/borknagarofficial

Archspire - Bleed the Future

http://www.secret-face.com/

#FOR FANS OF: Techno Death

What a jumpstart to the nerves in the intro to this album. Totally killer from where they left off with their previous release ('Relentless Mutation'). I won't dig back into earlier work namely 'The Lucid Collective' but their previous and now this just is simply amazing! The riffs own this release and the way the vocals are able to go alongside the music is just amazing. I'm not overly into technical death metal, but this band I've been following. The music is what grapples me. I think their previous had more catchy riffs than this one but I still think that they're hacking it with this release 'Relentless Mutation' will probably remain my favorite though.

The way that they piece songs together is just beyond belief. I understand that people aren't too into their gig but still I like this band. They have a way of arranging music that's just so catchy and innovative. Their album is about 30 minutes but with the drums going in hyperspeed and guitars playing insane riffs 30 minutes is enough (I believe). I made sure to get a physical copy of this album because I just figured that anything they put out there I like. You've got to be into the riffs fast and furious or cut short then acoustic tones. It's quite variable. I do admit that the drums are on overkill, but I'm still digging the album.

Season of Mist had some great bands/releases on this record label of last year, I'm just loving the production and mixing. They are top notch with extreme metal! It's a love/hate relationship with Archspire and I happen to love them. They've got extraneous talent that shouldn't be overlooked! Seriously, they seem to make this look or sound easy. Maybe they have had so much practice with the riffs and overall music that they can put together some like 'Bleed The Future'. Stay open minded with the band, they've really got so much to offer. I'm amazed at their talent and energy. All of the band members contributed equally!

It just couldn't be streaming this, I had to have it! Since most kids all they know is streaming music or other people that just got rid of their CD's altogether. Not me, I want to contribute to bands whos fans are why they make music, well mostly it's that way. Just Armageddon has been released here, utter pandemonium. The past two releases I'm loving entirely. The riffs do it all for me absolutely! This band doesn't seem to let up with ferocity. They're not everyone's cup of tea but they sure are with me! Do yourself a favor if you're not going to buy it, make an effort to at least stream it and see what you think! (Death8699)

(Season of Mist - 2021)
Score: 84

https://archspire.bandcamp.com/album/bleed-the-future

Maybeshewill - No Feeling is Final

#PER CHI AMA: Post Rock Cinematico

Stranamente, non c'è solo la Bird's Robe Records dietro alla release degli inglesi Maybeshewill, forse perchè sono inglesi, o forse perchè 'No Feeling is Final' è un nuovo album, fatto sta che qui si propone quel post rock strumentale che è tanto nelle corde della label australiana, qui in cooperazione con la The Robot Needs Home Collective, la Wax Bodega e la New Noise. Un pacchetto di etichette per supportare la nuova release di questa band originaria di Leicester che fa valere la propria classe già dall'opener "We've Arrived at the Burning Building", un condensato emozionale di post rock sofisticato, evocativo, malinconico e sinfonico, con quella sua brillante miscela di suoni rock combinati ad arte con strumenti ad arco. Una melodia che sembra provenire dall'estremo oriente è quella che apre "Zarah" e poi un riffing teso che mi ha evocato quasi i Dark Tranquillity più melodici. Un passaggio breve in effetti, spezzato poi dalle spoken words di una gentil donzella e da una melodia cinematica che ci accarezzerà per tutto l'ascolto di questo lavoro straordinario, uno dei migliori in ambito post rock dello scorso anno. Splendidi gli archi di "Complicity", struggente e catartica. Ancora meglio la tiepida melodia di "Invincible Summer", una colonna sonora atta a farci sognare ad occhi aperti, mentre in sottofondo il rock si miscela a progressioni di natura ambient. Il flusso musicale sembra comunque seguire un suo filo logico, quasi una successione di immagini di violenza, calma e devastazione, in cui incanalare la verve più o meno energetica della band, che in 'No Feeling is Final' vuole trasmettere un messaggio di solidarietà per il mondo che si sta avviando, non troppo lentamente, verso l'autodistruzione, un messaggio che nasce da una potente forma di frustrazione. I pezzi proseguono con grande disciplina e caratura tecnica: in "Refuturing" vede addirittura la comparsa di un sax, in un pezzo pazzesco, mentre "Green Unpleasant Land" ammicca ad un certo neo classic folk celtico con sofisticazioni elettroniche ed un roboante finale di chitarre che ergono un muro quasi invalicabile di suoni. Questo è l'acme del disco, da qui le acque sembrano calmarsi e fluire un po' più serenamente verso il timido finale pianistico di "Tomorrow". Nel mentre, mi raccomando non fatevi ingannare dal nefasto riffing che chiude "Even Tide", una vera bomba per un super disco. (Francesco Scarci)

(The Robot Needs Home Collective/Wax Bodega/New Noise/Bird's Robe Records - 2021)
Voto: 84

https://mybshwll.bandcamp.com/album/no-feeling-is-final

Echotide - Into the Half Light

#PER CHI AMA: Post Rock Cinematico

Arrivano da Brisbane (Australia) questi Echotide con un lavoro uscito originariamente nel 2017 e riproposto ad inizio di quest'anno dalla Bird's Robe Records. E con loro, trema la Terra. Soffonde l’energia. Dilaga il caos. Vibra nell’oscurità questo suono macellato dall’attesa ed improvviso nella spinta dalla propulsione ritmica. Cosi si apre l’iniziale "Into the Half Light" che ruggisce sbranando ed accarezzando senza posa. Brividi metallici e carezze ridondanti, ipnotizzano con quel sound votato ad un post rock emozionale. Cicuta e zucchero per volontari sinestesici. Incalza la voce silente del suono, afferra la gola quel suo gioco iperbolico. Non sarò io a raccontavi l’epilogo. Ogni racconto apre mente e sensorialità. Siete liberi. Lo dobbiamo essere. Abbiamo appena cominciato a percorrere l’ossimoro suadente del paradiso infernale quando si dipana "Another Road". La seconda traccia si presenta assai affine con l’esordio dell’album. Non ci separiamo dalle acque pericolose in cui Ulisse ha lottato con le sirene. Un sonoro assoluto, strumentale, elettrificato a dovere che non evolve, non cerca il funambolico, semplicemente lascia interpretare lungamente riflessioni e corde su cui camminare tra notte e buio. Cambia lo stato dell’anima istantaneamente con "Her Back to the Sun". Incalzante. Cinematica. Una colonna sonora che non delude. Semplicemente un ottimo prologo ad un film quotidiano da intenditori del genere dark ambient. Veniamo a "Cracks in the Wall of a Tempory Home". Musicale. Un tinnuolo che racconta improvvisazione meditativa a lungo sperata. Il pezzo poi si apre come un calice di vino aspettato e lento nell’ossigenarsi. Cambiamenti dinamici organolettici nell’accorpare sonorità. Sino a che le metafore smettono i propri disegni per accordare suoni graffianti, spasmodici, rimbombanti e delicati. Un multipolarismo in musica. Da "Illumina" traspaiono invece velature dagli accordi cementati, prossimità leggermente descritte da suoni satellitari, rivisitazioni di coscienza e deliri lenti includenti, riflessioni tra le parole della musica ed il silenzio delle parole. Mi interessa molto questa "New Beacons Cast to Old Horizons". Oscura. Invasiva. Vibrante. Intelleggibile. Una traccia in cui il panico si sente dal primo secondo. Un muoversi di intrecci in cui si può andare oltre l’oscurità per trovare la luce. Un climax scomposto e pregiato in cui perdersi senza bussola perché è la traccia stessa ad essere la stella polare. Il nostro viaggio termina, ma non finisce, con "No Soch Thing as Monster". Come ogni viaggio la nostalgia fa da sposa. Eppure il matrimonio con l’album è presente in ogni traccia. Vi lascio con parole lente, epidermiche, lentamente scolpite nella roccia dell’ascolto multisensoriale. Così come lo è stato questo album per me. (Silvia Comencini)

(Bird's Robe Records - 2017/2022)
Voto: 75

https://echotide.bandcamp.com/album/into-the-half-light

Ossuaire - Triumvirat

#FOR FANS OF: Black Metal

There are a few scenes richer in terms of quantity and quality than the “metal noir Québécois” (Quebec black metal) one. A tons of great bands regularly release impressive works, generally closely tied to this genre, sometimes with a more ferocious approach and other times, with a stronger atmospheric touch. However, they frequently combine both characteristics very appropriately. Today we are going to focus to Ossuaire. This project was founded in 2016 so it is still reasonably new, although they have already release two full-lengths and two EPs. As said, the projects coming from Quebec are usually quite active, which is obviously excellent for the several fans of such scene around the world.

The mentioned second EP is the newest one by Ossuaire and its entitled 'Triumvirat'. What Ossuaire offers in this work is a collection of five songs with an undoubtable high degree of fury, but without lacking completely this kind of haunting atmosphere that many bands from this region usually have. After a dark and captivating intro, the EP really begins full of strength with the second track, "La Sainte Purge". This one is a blasting track of pure black metal with an excellent work riff-wise. The composition is generally quite fast with a bunch of blast-beasts, although it fortunately doesn’t lack of some changes of tempo through the whole song, combining the aforementioned relentless fast drums with mid-tempo sections. These parts sound quite heavy thanks to the great riffs and the use of the double-bass. The usage of these elements and the type of pace is something I really enjoy as it makes you headbang like a beast. The subsequent tracks, "Triumvirat" and "Ignipotentis", follow similar patterns, being absolutely brutal songs, that are mainly focused on the fastest side of Ossuaire’s sound. Anyway, the mid-tempo sections are still there but a bit more scarcely used. On the other hand, "Cénotaphe" is a very interesting closing song, being the slowest and most atmospheric of all the tracks contained in this EP. I personally really like this one as per its beautiful main melody and its stronger atmospheric touch. Apart from that, the mainly mid-tempo of the track gives more room to appreciate the melodic essence behind the riffing of this song, which is really great. The song and the EP reach its end with an enthralling final melody, which makes me think that Ossuaire should consider to compose more songs like this one, as they do an unquestionable excellent job.

All in all, 'Triumvirat' is a quite enjoyable work by Ossuaire, as it contains the most recognizable essence of the Quebec black metal scene, especially focused on sounding smashing. In any case, the melody and atmosphere are there, like any black metal release should have. (Alain González Artola)

(Sepulchral Productions - 2021)
Score: 76

https://ossuaire.bandcamp.com/album/triumvirat

Mystras - Empires Vanquished and Dismantled

#FOR FANS OF: Medieval Black

During the last two years the Greek scene has given so many great albums that it is quite difficult to highlight which ones have been the best. In any case, one solo-project has caught my attention already after its excellent debut. This project is called as Mystras and it was founded in 2019 by Ayloss, an artist involved in many different bands, being the most well-known, at least for me, Spectral Lore. Mystras debut album 'Castles Conquered and Reclaimed' received quite good reviews as it was an excellent example of black metal with a raw yet melodic nature. It also had a quite particular concept, as the project could be defined as medieval black metal, but focused on the point of view of the working class people of that time and with an anti-imperialistic approach, due to its underlying left-wing ideas.

The debut album left the fans waiting for the next step as it seems that Ayloss has many ideas as he only needed one year to release it sophomore effort entitled 'Empires Vanquished and Dismantled'. Although it was difficult to improve the surprising debut, I can safely say that this new effort is, at least, on the same level with its predecessor. Again, what we can find here is a medieval black metal which musically can be defined as raw black metal, with a combination of straightforward fury, pure rawness, an unquestionable melodic touch, and some delicate and tasteful folk touches here and there which make us travel to ancient times. It is not easy at all to combine all these elements which, at first glance, would have difficulties to cohabit, but Mystras has the talent and ideas to merge them appropriately. The production seems to have made a step forward in terms of balance. The sound is still raw, particularly in the line of the guitars, but they sound a bit cleaner and not so distorted and fuzzy as they sounded in the debut album. I think this is an adequate change, though some may prefer the previous production, even though I am pretty sure that no one will accuse this album of sounding too polished, that’s for sure. As it happened in the debut, 'Empires...' has again a superb work in the guitars, being the shining instrument through the whole album. Just check out the impressive first single of this album, "The Fall Of The Kingdom of Jerusalem", where the listener can appreciate a torrent of riffs through this monumental piece of fourteen minutes, where there is room for brutality, speed, slower sections and lots of melody behind the crude production. The album, as this track, is full of ups and downs in terms of intensity, combining furious pieces as "On the Promises Of Angels" or "To The Builders!", where it is literally impossible not to break your neck headbanging in certain moments, with atmospheric folkish pieces like the delicate and beautiful "Ah Ya Zein", or the more tribal and mysterious "Cheragheh Zolmezalem". The remarkable point here, is that these pieces are excellent and keep the listener in the correct mood to stay interested in the music, something that doesn´t happen many times as I have personally considered the albums that contain many instrumentals, a bit unbalanced and unfocused. Thankfully, this is not the case. 'Empires Vanquished and Dismantled' has a top-class ending with two great tracks, which maintain the extraordinary equilibrium between the fury and the aforementioned melodic touch. I personally highlight the album closer "In The Company of Heretics" which summarizes all the characteristics of the Mystras sound. The initial impetus, with the relentless blast-beats accompanied by the sharp riffing, progresses to a more mid-tempo section which sounds truly epic, thanks to the inclusion of a clean vocal choir in the background and, again, a tasteful guitar work, whose melodies are, once again, superb. The song and the album beautifully end with some very nice acoustic chords, what a great way to close this second chapter in Mystras existence.

For the second time in only one year Mystras has created an impressive piece of black metal, full of interesting elements and great compositions. The combination of rawness and melody is again original and top-notch, making 'Empires Vanquished and Dismantled' an excellent record. (Alain González Artola)

(I, Voidhanger Records - 2021)
Score: 85

https://i-voidhangerrecords.bandcamp.com/album/empires-vanquished-and-dismantled

Mineral Réflectance - Des Chemins de Vie

http://www.secret-face.com/

#FOR FANS OF: Experimental Black

In leu of venturing into the progressive black sort of genre, I'd have to say this is a quite delightful platter! Seven different vocals (guest) and unique progressing in the riffs, some fast, some moderate tempos. It's very unique here this French based band, that is Stephan's project. A lot of work went into it and some music videos as well. Aside from the music being unique, the fact that they juggled around so many vocalists for the sake of being unique! I've never heard of this many session singers to make one LP. It sounds like a totally terrible idea but in actuality it really turned out very sufficiently!

The music on here is quite savvy in the guitar department. Stephan's at the core of this being in charge of pretty much everything. I think he did a great job especially recruited quite an array of different types, some screaming, some clean, some growling. But everything seemed to fit! I liked this whole album! I though that it's one of those that you can't get tired of because it is so entirely eccentric, but neat! Don't expect a super heavy album though, just something that can borrow different genre styles in the vocals but staying in the main genre of progressive black. Stephan says death/black but on here we seem to think progressive black.

The quality in the production/mixing was quite distinctively good! For an independent recording, it is quite savvy. And the album altogether on many different platforms gets released on December '21. That's when it gets released on various different streaming music platforms. So you can get into it to sample and hear what I'm raving about! I only took some points off for the guitar riffs being a tad atypical but I still felt it good enough to be in a "B" rating category. The fact that right now they may be pretty much of an unknown, that's all going to change when the new year sprouts about wholeheartedly!

My first impression of this without knowing much of anything about the band except what Stephan submitted to me. As a few more listens to and background knowledge, it began to make sense. I plan on eventually getting this on CD, that's probably happening next year sometime. I think this project has great potential. You'll be able to hear what I mean especially the vocals and music. It all seems to fit together. And I don't really have a beef in it in any respect! This act is going to enter into the platforms and I think with explode with fury! These contributors and main project head, Stephan H he'll be happy of the support here and fans as well! (Death8699)

(Self - 2021)
Score: 76

https://mineralreflectance.bandcamp.com/album/des-chemins-de-vie

Adoperta Tenebris - Oblivion: The Forthcoming Ends

#PER CHI AMA: Black/Death Old School

Ancora Les Acteur de L'Ombre Productions, ancora Francia, ancora black death con un'altra one man band. Non è che questa formula finisca per essere un boomerang per la label francese e si corri il rischio di arrivare sul fondo del barile e iniziare a raschiare? Vediamo se giungerò a tale conclusione dopo aver ascoltato il secondo lavoro, 'Oblivion: The Forthcoming Ends', degli Adoperta Tenebris (AT), creatura originaria di Nantes guidata dall'enigmatico G., qui aiutato da Äzh (Defenestration e Natremia) alla batteria e da uno stuolo di ospiti. La stortura musicale degli AT parte da "We Were Giants" e il suo lento e oscuro incedere in quella che è la traccia più lunga della release (otto minuti e mezzo). L'inizio è sicuramente spettrale e bisogna attendere di superare la metà del brano per vedere i giri del motore aumentare in un vorticoso sound che chiama inevitabilmente in causa i Deathspell Omega. Le glaciali dissonanze musicali non tarderanno anche con i successivi brani, dal piglio melodico tipico del black svedese di "Vultures Over the Mass Grave", in cui alla voce a porgere i suoi servigi, troviamo Romain Richard (Kolizion), al pezzo più breve del lotto, quella "In Our Mazes" in cui a prestare la propria voce urlata troviamo Mephisto, mente dei Cult of the Horns. Questo pezzo mi convince più degli altri, forse perchè si perde meno nel maelstrom ritmico in cui molto spesso band di questo tipo vanno ad inabissarsi. Alla fine pur essendo più lineare e melodico, lo trovo anche tra i più riusciti, soprattutto nel suo apocalittico finale. Con "A Farewell to Hope", la ritmica si presenta compassata e il cantato di Roy de Rat (Void) sembra quello meglio adattarsi alla proposta del polistrumentista transalpino. Quello che mi convince meno è invece la mancanza di un vero sussulto in questo brano ma in generale in tutto il lavoro che riesca veramente a catturare l'attenzione dell'ascoltatore. Ci prova la doomish "Utter Manifest" a prendersi la palma di miglior pezzo del disco, non fosse altro per l'eccellente performance dietro al microfono di T.C. dei Regarde les Hommes Tomber. Il brano è lento, melodico, a tratti malinconico, con un finale troncato improvvisamente che non ho francamente ben capito. Segue il dirompente black death di "Calvaire" e i suoi affilatissimi giri di chitarra che sembrano evocare gli Emperor. Il brano è devastante e pur non proponendo nulla di originale, finalmente sembra rapirmi con quel suo feeling maligno, in cui un riffing black si alterna con un ben più compatto death metal che trova modo anche di regalarci un insospettabile break atmosferico e finalmente, un doppio grandioso epico assolo. Eccolo finalmente, ho trovato il pezzo migliore del disco. In chiusura, "The Season of Gallows" è una song che vede l'ospitata di Chaos I e Florian Pesset, rispettivamente chitarra e basso degli Incipient Chaos, a dare l'ultimo supporto a G. in un granitico, caustico e tempestoso esempio di black metal. Gli Adoperta Tenebris alla fine hanno rilasciato un album onesto, non certo memorabile, che lascia presagire tempi difficili anche per la lungimirante label francese. Sarà forse arrivato il momento di scorgere nuovi orizzonti sonori? (Francesco Scarci)

(LADLO Productions - 2021)
Voto: 65

https://ladlo.bandcamp.com/album/oblivion-the-forthcoming-ends

Dawn of a Dark Age - Le Forche Caudine 321 a​.​C. - 2021 d​.​C.

#PER CHI AMA: Black/Folk/Avantgarde

Con l'intento di tributare nuovamente le proprie origini sannite, come già fatto peraltro ne 'La Tavola Osca', Vittorio Sabelli torna con un nuovo capitolo della saga Dawn of a Dark Age, intitolato 'Le Forche Caudine 321 a​.​C. - 2021 d​.​C.'. Ovviamente, la citazione storica riporta alla battaglia delle Forche Caudine in cui i Sanniti, sotto l'egida di Gaio Ponzio, sconfissero i Romani, imponendo poi loro la prova mortificante di passare sotto gli omonimi gioghi. Tre i brani a disposizione dei nostri per narrare quegli eventi e farne anche un parallelismo storico con la nostra era. Qui supportati da un esteso numero di ospiti a suonare ogni tipo di strumento inimmaginabile (zampogne, mandoloncello, darbuka, tamburello, vibrafono, archi e fiati vari, flicorno, conchiglie), i Dawn of a Dark Age propongono, attraverso una sorta di narrazione storica fatta di dialoghi, cori e quant'altro, il loro classico sound a cavallo tra black, folk e sperimentazioni varie. Il disco apre con "Excerpt 1 (Scene 3 -7)", un brano di black atmosferico, in cui a mettersi subito in luce è il clarinetto di Vittorio che ne accompagna anche la voce narrante (sempre di grande impatto). Il brano è un susseguirsi di movimenti, tra black, partiture folk e attimi di grande epicità, laddove il tremolo picking si prende la scena. Il lavoro prosegue con "Le Forche Caudine - Atto I": si sentono i cavalli sopraggiungere, chiudo gli occhi e provo ad immaginare la scena che i suoni e le cupe melodie dei fiati, provano a descrivere. Mi sento proiettato indietro nel tempo, una chitarra acustica dà il la alla musica con una lunga parte introduttiva che fino al settimo minuto si manterrà esclusivamente strumentale, proponendo sin qui un sound mediterraneo suonato con tutti gli strumenti a disposizione del collettivo. Si palesano poi le vocals con lo screaming caustico di Emanuele Prandoni a riportare gli eventi storici, mentre il sound in sottofondo ci conduce a luoghi lontani nello spazio e nel tempo. La voce di Emanuele viene poi soppiantata dalla narrazione di Vittorio e il tutto acquista ancora più veridicità storica quasi il mastermind molisano si trasformi in una sorta di Alberto Angela del metal. Lunghe parti ritmate vengono affiancate da tratti folklorici in un'alternanza tra frammenti atmosferici, momenti di narrazione e scorribande black, a cui aggiungerei addirittura derive jazz poco prima del diciannovesimo minuto, dove la perizia tecnica della band si miscela con la pura poesia musicale guidata da un eccellente assolo di clarinetto, per un finale da brividi. Dopo gli oltre 21 minuti dell'atto I, ecco "Le Forche Caudine - Atto II", poco meno di 17 minuti di sonorità estreme, avanguardistiche, heavy (ascoltatevi l'assolo in apertura di brano), tradizionali, jazzy, prog rock, classiche, post-black, orchestrali, mediorientali, a condensare quasi tutto lo scibile musicale, in un brano ad altissima intensità ed elevato spessore artistico, che rischierà di piacere, a largo spettro, sia agli amanti dei Jethro Tull che a quelli dei Wolves in the Throne Room. Gioiellino. (Francesco Scarci)

(Antiq Records - 2021)
Voto: 80

https://dawnofadarkage.bandcamp.com/album/le-forche-caudine-321-a-c-2021-d-c-2